Here are three images showing a selection of European "cartridge extractors". These were made by a variety of makers including Dixon and Hawksley in the days before automatic ejectors were in common use. Most of these are for shotgun cartridges, but a few are made for the large-bore double rifles so popular for use against dangerous game in Africa and elsewhere. The middle image shows some with eccentrically mounted, serrated wheels which could be rotated to expand and grip the inside of the case; the bottom image shows some "fancy" examples which incorporated gundog whistles into the handles.